Natural Health Through Natural Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Natural Health Through Natural Medicine - Essay Example Within minutes her ankle swelled up to the size of a basketball and she was in great pain. There was no hospital within miles , but their local guide brought a healer from the village nearby. The healer messaged Jessica's foot with some juniper oil for ten minutes, all the while mumbling a chant. At the end of ten minutes, when the healer asked her to get up and walk, Jessica was more astonished than everybody else to find that she could walk comfortably without pain. Within a day her foot was perfectly normal, and she could continue her trek to the Kedar ranges. The same injury would have cost Jessica much more time and money, besides causing her possible reaction to drugs if she had had recourse to Modern medicine. Natural medicine or Alternate medicine is the need of the hour rather than the impersonal, expensive, technology- dependant Modern medicine with its side effects.. Natural medicine is general term used for a range of unconventional medicines using natural substances and energy fields such as Reiki, Yoga, Homeopathy , Ayurveda, Chinese medicine and many others which assist the body to heal itself. Throughout history the art of healing has been practiced by all cultures. Plants and plant products have been used by the native American healers with great success. The Indian medicine system of Ayurveda, the traditional Chinese system of medicine, the Druids of Europe, all used plants and plant products effectively. Unlike the modern Western medicine or Allopathy which only treats the body, natural medicine systems treat the whole body, mind and the spirit .Natural medicine tries to restore the harmony in body, mind and spirit. The proponents of modern Western medicine say that modern medicine uses the latest in technology for the diagnosis and treatment of the disorder. They say that X-rays, MRI, CT scan and other procedures are followed by the practitioners of modern medicine makes it more scientific. But it is a well known fact that even a simple headache is diagnosed only after a number of tests have been done. Even after that, the patient only experiences temporary relief as lot of pain killers and anti- inflammatory drugs are pumped into her. While it is a good thing for the hospitals and the pharmaceutical companies, the patient will be losing valuable time and money. The conventional doctor treats the condition, not the patient. All patients with headache are the same to him. Since he does not have enough time, he follows a set pattern and suggests the same set of tests whether they are required or not. He uses drugs which suppress the body's natural immune responses .Painkillers can be addictive a nd all modern medicines have side effects. The same condition is treated quite differently by a healer or a shaman. An acupuncturist would be using the body itself to heal itself, which would take a fraction of the time and money conventional medicine does. Modern medicine is all about evidence- based medicine. It does not accept anything without so called scientific evidence. But there is no real evidence to show that eye drops prevent loss of vision in patients of glaucoma, nor is there any evidence that cholesterol can be controlled by certain drugs. On the other hand, the Silva Mind Control method has shown that vision can be improved

Strategy and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategy and Culture - Essay Example If the strategy does not fit the culture the organization and its people might experience confusion and uncertainty. If a strategy does not require major changes in the culture of the organization, it may be easy to adopt and it may not even consume ample amount of time. When two organizations join hands together it is very important that the organization pays emphasis to the link between the organization’s culture as well as strategy. For example: The merger of Compaq and HP was quite astonishing as the culture of both the organizations was quite different from each other (Fried, 2002, p.1). HP was focusing on a huge portfolio of products, they spent heavily on inventing new technology, the management style practiced in HP was such that the management was heavily involved in the organization and the decision making process of HP was quite professional in nature. On the other hand Compaq spent less on inventions, they had a smaller portfolio as compared to HP and the managemen t style was dictatorship like in nature because decisions were made on the top level and handed down to the lower level and they took heavy risks. This example clearly shows that there was a misfit between the cultures of the organization and the strategy of merging both the organizations. Fried, I. (2002, September 2). HP-Compaq merger: Worth the wait? - CNET News. Technology News - CNET News. Retrieved April 8, 2013, from http://news.cnet.com/HP-Compaq-merger-Worth-the-wait/2100-1001_3-956202.html Monash University. Faculty of Business and Economics. Department of Management, Threlfall, Mark, Yearn, Dan, & Haslett, Tim. (2003). An investigation into the link between culture and strategy using soft systems methodology and group analysis. Part 1 soft systems methodology.

Why were coffee houses so popular in the late seventeeth century and Essay

Why were coffee houses so popular in the late seventeeth century and early eighteenth century in london - Essay Example Coffee first became popular in the Ottoman Empire during the sixteenth century, and in one report, we find the well-known Ottoman chronicler  Ibrahim Pecevi  chronicling the opening of the first coffeehouses in the Ottoman Empire (in Istanbul) in the sixteenth century. Here he states, â€Å"Until the year 962 [1555], in the High, God-Guarded city of Constantinople, as well as in Ottoman lands generally, coffee and coffee-houses did not exist. About that year, a fellow called Hakam from Aleppo and a wag called Shams from Damascus came to the city; they each opened a large shop in the district called Tahtakale, and began to purvey coffee† (cited in Bernard, 1989, 132). It was in the 17th century that coffee  spread to  Europe  from the  Ottoman Empire (via Hungary), and soon coffeehouses became a part of the popular western culture (Wild, 2005). English coffeehouses first came into existence during the mid-seventeenth century when in  Oxford  in 1652 in a buildin g that is now better known as "The Grand Cafe" (ibid). Pasqua Rosee, who was a  servant in the service of a merchant named Daniel Edwards, opened the first coffeehouse in  London  in 1652, in St Michael's Alley in Cornhill, and soon they became extremely popular as social meeting places, and by 1675 England had more than 3,000 coffeehouses (Weinberg, and Bealer, 2002, 152). Discussion English coffee houses: The  English  coffeehouses,  during the early modernism of the 17th and 18th centuries, are often referred to as public social houses where the people from different social walks of life, would gather for drinking the new beverage while socially interacting. These coffeehouses also served chocolate and tea along with coffee, and these places soon acquired a very distinct character that distinguished it from another popular establishment of the era, the taverns. The taverns were legally obliged to keep provisions for drinks, food, and lodging for the passing traveller; and formed centres of hard drinking and gambling. Coffeehouses, served non-alcoholic drinks allow any form of gambling and alcohol consumption, and were known as ‘genteel’ places for sober social interactions, unlike other public social houses of that time (Hewitt, 1872). Cowan in his book describes a typical 17th-18th century English coffeehouse as "places where people gathered to drink coffee, learn the news of the day, and perhaps to meet with other local residents and discuss matters of mutual concern† (Cowan, 2005, 79). Right from the time of initiation, the English coffeehouses formed a dominion for intellectual gatherings, while political groups also frequented the various English coffeehouses for conducting meetings (ibid). There a diverse range of patrons that were seen in the English coffeehouses, and represented a wide range of the divergent English social classes, and there was a sense of equality amongst these customers where one could freely take pa rt in any ongoing conversation irrespective of one’s social rank or political beliefs. Topics deliberated on in these coffeehouses were mainly related to philosophical debates, politics, society gossip, current events,  and natural sciences. It is often for this reason that the 17th and 18th century English coffeehouses were referred by the historians to be the epicentres of the Enlightenment era that brought in cultural and intellectual reawakening, widely seen at this time (Cowan, 2005). English coffeehous

The Philosophic Solution for Self-realisation Essay

The Philosophic Solution for Self-realisation - Essay Example Substance abuse like alcoholism although is an associated outcome of depression, Peter our subject was in the clutches of alcoholism well early in his adolescence. The behavioral problems and emotional problems encountered by Peter reveals that the treatment for his depression received from the GP did not include any treatment with antidepressant drugs, as detection of depressive disorders did not found associated with long-term outcome. (Anderson I.M., D.J.Nutt, J.F.W.Deakin, 2000). The case study of Peter is difficult to be discussed in the absence of any information about his mental status, Conversation styles, and intelligence. However, a history of cross-gendered behavior in adolescence is doubted to have caused the homosexual trait in him. The family background of Peter especially of his parents is of much importance to fix the location of his homosexuality, which unfortunately is absent in our study. It is not clear if Peter was forced to be a misogynist in his youth or not. Hence his homosexuality could only be ascertained theoretically with the help of literature available. 1) This theory accounts for the higher incidence of alcoholism in gays than heterosexuals. This theory explains that gay bars are the one and only place where gays are able to meet their fraternal mates. This ‘fraternity syndrome’ spreads a compulsive drinking habit among the gays. 2) These theories hold that internalized homophobia, self-hatred, shame and so on, the external oppression of a homophobic society and hiding one's identity are as important as gay bars in understanding the etiology and incidence of their alcoholism. 3) This theory comprises three stages. In stage I a gay man accepts his gayness as appositive one. In stage II, while seeing the self in negative state tries to rid the self of homophobia by learning more about the gay world.  

Marketing Challenges of Sony Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Challenges of Sony Company - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Sony continuously conducts product researchers making its customers constantly in wait for whatever new development it has and these activities primarily help it to be positively pushed to its competitive advantage. However, there should be other major important information that should be clearly elaborated in order to understand the prevailing challenges that the company faces. This primarily includes the various changes in the marketplace which particularly should always involve political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors and more. Under political factor, it is always common to look at the government’s conservatism when it comes to dealing with business. One perfect example would be the case of privatisation. In every government, there is always a strong stand on controlling the rise of certain organisation. In Japan for instance, various organisations are faced with remarkable challenges becaus e the government is trying to protect the interest of small organisations in their respective industry. However, the ability of Sony to leverage its core competencies together with other organisation is a proof that there is always the right timing in politics. For instance, Sony’s intent to leverage its core competencies with a Swedish telecommunication company in order to beat Nokia resulted to the birth of Sony Ericsson. This joint venture is a remarkable proof that finding the right place for each organisation is needed in order to enhance its core competencies. This at some point has specifically involved the prevailing political stand of a nation which basically has great impact on the entire business process of an organisation. For instance, a government saying no to privatisation may significantly create an impact to those organisations planning to leverage their core competencies through it. This is a proven trend in the whole business industry of electronics. For in stance, every profit organisation in this industry is simply trying to be a cut above the other by reaching its competitive advantage. Competitive advantage is something that needs to be worked out because it serves as something that will enhance core competencies. The Sony Ericsson merging is an act of enhancing the core competencies of the companies involved. However, the main point is to actually consider having a high level of competitive advantage. In the same way, politics is involved in here and this is the reality, to beat the opponents and be the market leader in a specific industry. Sony Ericsson is attempting to beat Nokia and many other market leaders n the mobile phone industry. In reality, Sony is highly affected by the ever-changing trends and the market share of its competitors. Sony is a diversified company covering different market segments for its diversified products. Its diversification from purely an electronic firm reminds its potential to grow. However, all o f these are fueled by the ever-changing strategies conducted by its competitors who have certain focus in their respective industry. For example, the varying strategic moves of Nokia, Samsung, LG Electronics and Apple Incorporated triggered Sony to do more and try its best much even harder. This is due to the fact that each competing organisation tries to create their own competitive advantage in order to become the key player in its industry. Each of these competing organisations has specific core competencies that differentiate it from the other.

DNA - Genetically modified food Essay Example for Free

DNA Genetically modified food Essay Virtually every crop we eat have undergone hundreds of years of genetic modification by farmers and scientist in search of desirable traits. Selective breeding and hybrid strains have contributed immeasurably to farm productivity during this time. Over the past 30 years however, genetic engineering has been revolutionized. While before, a farmer wanting to develop a frost resistant tomato would be able to breed towards one only if the necessary genes were available somewhere in tomatoes or a near relative to tomatoes, modern biological engineering techniques overcome such restrictions. Genetic traits from outside a species gene pool, in the tomatos case from an arctic fish, can be spliced into the organism to create an entirely different species, a transgenic organism with the typical traits of a tomato and frost resistance from a fish. The most widely used method of gene splicing, recombinant DNA, uses biochemical scissors called restriction enzymes to cut the strings of DNA, selecting required genes. These are then ferried by a virus or a bacterium that infects the host, smuggling the gene into the plants DNA. In this way scientists have been able to create slow ripening and seedless fruit, crops that grow in unfavourable conditions and are resistant to disease or herbicides and milk from cows given a genetically engineered growth hormone. The benefits of gene technology in terms of food production are enormous. The most common genetically engineered crops contain modifications that make the plants resistant to certain diseases and herbicides, or allow them to produce their own pesticides, thereby eliminating or reducing the need to spray. So-called Bt corn, for example, contains a gene resistant to the harmful mycotoxin fungus and herbicide producers, Monsanto have created a strain of soybeans genetically modified to be unaffected by their product Roundup. The soybean farmer therefore can avoid targeting specific weeds and require just one application of a general weed-killer, reducing costs and agricultural waste run-off. Genetically modified crops are also being adapted to grow in salty, dry or frosty environments, contain edible vaccines, have a longer shelf life and be more nutritious. A group of Swiss and German scientists recently developed a strain of GM rice know as ? golden rice due to its altered colour. Containing genes that produce a unusually high amount of beta-carotene (vitamin A), this rice could be a solution to the thousands of poor children in Asia who eat little but rice and go blind or die from lack of vitamin A Public reaction to the use of recombinant DNA in genetic engineering however has been mixed. Sliding US export commodities such as genetically modified soybeans and corn have highlighted hardened public opinion and widespread resistance to biotech crops, especially in the European Union. Concerns about GM foods fall into three categories: economics, environmental hazards and human health risks. The latter two have been the subject of hot debate, both in Australia and overseas. Environmental damage from GM crops can be caused through various channels. One of the main concerns has been the possibility of gene transfer to a non-target species, that is crops engineered for herbicide tolerance and weeds cross-breeding, resulting in the transfer of the herbicide resistance to create ? superweeds. In addition, environmentalists fear that transgenic plants may proliferate rapidly, pollinating natural plants in their surroundings eliminating existing species. Further environmental suspicions include those of unintended harm to other organisms (especially non-target insects) and of the reduced effectiveness of pesticides once insects become tolerant to a crops natural pesticide. Questions have also been raised on the human impact of genetically modified organisms. Critics of recombinant DNA fear that the pathogenic, or disease-producing organisms used in some recombinant DNA experiments might develop extremely infectious forms that could cause worldwide epidemics. Likewise, the unknown effect of foreign genes introduced into GM food crops in terms of human health also presents a controversial issue. Furthermore, there is a possibility that introducing a gene into a plant may create a new allergen or cause an allergic reaction in susceptible individuals. A proposal to incorporate a gene from Brazil nuts into soybeans in order to increase their nutritional value was abandoned when it was found that the genetically engineered soybeans caused an allergic reaction in people sensitive to Brazil nuts. For these reasons, extensive testing and labelling of GM foods may be required to avoid the possibility of harm to consumers with food allergies. Biotechnology has started to revolutionise food production, with fantastic results. With the world population of 6 billion expected to double in the next 50 years and an adequate food supply becoming a major challenge it will no doubt continue to do so in the future.

Overview of the Indus Qater Treaty

Overview of the Indus Qater Treaty CHAPTER V From time immemorial man has been emotionally attached to water. Water disputes have existed throughout the history of mankind and various mechanisms to deal with problems have been tried. So far no clear cut directions or conventions have emerged to deal with water disputes. Many organizations, including legal associations, have tried to lay down some principles. The best of these are the Helsinki Rules evolved by the International Law Association in 1966 at its 52 conference at Helsinki [1]. However at best the Helsinki Rules can serve as guidelines and in the case of the sub-continent the conditions are different because they deal with distribution of water for the purpose of irrigation which is not the case of Europe. The recent stresses and strains in the observance of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT)[2]have been alarming. India has signed several agreements with its neighbours for sharing of waters of the major rivers of the subcontinent. Currently four major treaties govern the di stribution of the waters of Ganges, Indus and Brahmaputra. These are the Indus Water Treaty (1960) between India and Pakistan, Sankosh Multipurpose Project treaty (1993) between India and Bhutan, the Ganges Water Sharing Agreement (1996) between India and Bangladesh, and the Mahakali Treaty (1996) between India and Nepal. The reluctance in the observance of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT)[3] have had many analysts believe the relation between India and Pakistan will be governed to a large extend by issues of water sharing in the years to come. The Indus River System The northern and western part of the Indian subcontinent is irrigated by the Indus River and its system of upper tributaries. The Indus then travels a length of approximately 3000 kms through Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, POK, and Pakistan before entering the Arabian Sea. There are several distributaries that join the Indus River in its journey to the seas and the most important ones which are discussed in this chapter are Beas, Sutlej, Ravi, Chena band Jhelum rivers. The Indus Tributaries Sutlej: Sutlej is the longest of the many tributaries that join the Indus. The River Sutlej originates in Tibet and runs a course of approximately 1500 kms through the mountain ranges of Himachal Pradesh and enters Pakistan through the plains of Punjab. The Husseiniwala Headworks has been constructed downstream at the junction between of Beas and Sutlej, the closure of which on May 1, 1948 started the water crisis that encouraged the IWT. These Husseiniwals headworks supplied water to the State of Bikaner through Bikaner Canal and the state of Bahawalpurfrom the Depalpur Canal. The Bhakra Dam, which Nehru called the new temple of resurgent India,[4] is also situated on this river. Another important headwork on this Sutlej is Harike that water the Sirhind canal and Rajasthan canal. Chenab: This approximately 1000 km long river originates in Himachal Pradesh and is further augmented by Chandra and Bagha as it enters Jammu and Kashmir. After crossing the Pir Panjal range, it enters the Sialkot district in Pakistan near the town of Akhnoor. The Marala barrage has been built by Pakistan across the river in 1968 as part of its design to harness the water of the river under the provisions of the IWT. Jhelum Kishenganga (Neelum): The Kishenganga river originates in the mountains west of Dras and is further met by a number of tributaries and merges with the Jhelum River near Muzaffarabad in PoK. The Jhelum River originates in the foothills of the Pir Panjal Ranges near Verinag and then flows through the cities of Anantnag, Srinagar, Sopore and Baramulla. Some of its important tributaries are Lidar, Sindand Vishav. Ravi: This approximately 800 km long river rises in Himachal Pradesh and runs before joining Chenabin Pakistan after flowing past Lahore. The Thien Dam (Ranjit Sagar Dam) has been constructed on this river at the junction of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir States and feeds the Upper Bari Doab Canal. Beas: This approximately 500 km long river originates near Rohtang Passin Himachal Pradesh and flows through Kulu Valley and the Siwalik Range. The Pandoh Dam is located on this and diverts water to Sutlej through the Beas-Sutlej link. The Indus Water Treaty Even prior to 1947, as the irrigation from the Indus river systems covered a number of administrative units and water available was not always sufficient to meet the combined demands, disputes used to arise from time to time between these units for their share of water at different times of the year, and for the different projects contemplated by them[5]. The partition of India in 1947 was a complex problem and one which the then rulers of India did not solve satisfactorily. The problem was further complicated by the presence of several border princely states especially that of Jammu Kashmir as well as the river systems of Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra. The Indus river system presented a very complex problem because all the rivers originated either in Jammu and Kashmir or India but the irrigated the areas of Punjab that had been allocated to Pakistan also headworks that regulated the flow of waters of these rivers were allotted to India. Apart from the Punjab Boundary Commission pr oposition that the canal-headworks system be considered as a joint venture, a suggestion discarded by both countries, no deliberations were carried out on water sharing during the process of partition. Problems arising out of water sharing issues of Indus System would later take more than 10 years to resolve. Further complicating this issue, Pakistan covertly and later overtly tried to take control of Jammu Kashmir for many reasons including that of its perceived need to have the rivers of Jammu and Kashmir under its control which creating a feeling of animosity in the minds of the Indian politicians. Both India and Pakistan agreed to a Standstill Agreement on Dec 30, 1947thereby freezing the existing water systems at the two headworks of Madhopur (on theRavi) and Ferozepur (on the Sutlej) until March, 31, 1948[6]. Arbitral Tribunal (AT) was set up under Section Nine of the Indian Independence Act which was meant to resolve any dispute which the Punjab Partition Committee was unable to resolve. The East Punjab government decided to stop the flow of water to West Punjab on 01 April 1948 when the East Punjab government did not respond favorably to the idea of talks and therefore technically there was no agreement between these two government. Incidentally the term of the AT also finished on the same day. At the invitation of East Punjab, the representatives of the two divided-Punjab States met in Simla on15 Apr 1948and signed two Standstill Agreements[7]regarding the Depalpur Canal and Central Bari Doab Canal to be in effect until15 Oct 1948. However, the West Punjab Government refused to approve the Agreement and the PM of Pakistan, called for a meeting. The Finance Minister of Pakistan along with ministers from West Pakistan visited Delhito work out an agreement[8]in the Inter-Dominion Conference held on May 1948.Indiaagreed to release of water from the headworks, but made it obvious that Pakistan could not lay claim to these waters. Mr Eugene R. Black, the President of the World Bank visited India and Pakistan in 1951 and suggested that a team of Indian, Pakistani and World Bank engineers to solve the functional aspect of water sharing without getting involved in the political issues. The two countries accepted this mediation[9]. The World Bank also asked both the sides to give out their plan for the division of the water resources which both the countries did by Oct 53. While the plans of both the country were remarkably similar on the issue of availability of water it varied considerably on the critical issues of requirement[10]. In order to resolve the dispute, the World Bank finally proposed its own plan in Feb 1954 as India and Pakistan had failed to reach a consences. The plan offered the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum rivers to Pakistan whereas the three remaining rivers were offered to India. India accepted the proposal whereasP akistan gave only a qualified acceptance to the proposal. The plan suggested by the World Bank was far closer to the Indian proposal than that of the Pakistan one and in a way consolidated Indias position. Pakistan was not satisfied with this plan and even made a threat of withdrawing from the negotiations. Eventually the plan was not fully transformed into a settlement but provided provision for future negotiations which continued for the next six years.[11] [12]In the absence of a full agreement India and Pakistan signed an Interim Agreement in June 1955. As no definite agreement could be reached, the World Bank announced in Apr 1956 that the negotiation deadline has been indefinite ly extended.[13] Under the World Bank plan, Pakistan was to construct barrages and canals to divert the Western river waters so as to compensate the loss of Eastern rivers. The final treaty was signed by the head of states of the two country in the presence of the World Bank President on 19 Sep 1960. The treaty allocated the three Eastern Rivers to India and the three Western rivers largely to Pakistan. The IWT enunciated a mechanism to exchange regularly flow-data of rivers, canals and streams. A Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) was constituted, headed by two Commissioners, one from each country. The PIC is expected to meet at least once a year alternately in India and Pakistan and submit an annual report to their respective Governments before June, 30thevery year. The IWT has seen several issues that have rocked the very foundation of the treaty. No more issue was more publicized than the aftermath of the attacks on the Indian Parliament. There was also a widespread demand within India for withdrawal from the IWT after the attack on the Indian Parliament on December 13, 2001. Apart from this some of the contentious issues have been elaborated in the succeeding paragraphs. The Tulbul Navigation Lock/Wullar Barrage Issue In order to improve navigation in the Wullar Lake , India planned to construct a barrage on the entrance of the lake so as to raise the flow of water as also increase the depth to accommodate larger vessels. This would result in the increase of the storage capacity of the lake and therefore Pakistan objected to the supposedly consummative use of water. Pakistans objection[14] [15]stems from two issues, one India needs to get consensus of the design from Pakistan and two, it cannot store waters as per IWT on the Jhelum Main anything in excess of 0.01 MAF. Pakistan also feels that any storage of water on the Jhelum is a security risk as it would provide India with the capability to control the flow of water into Pakistan which could be used in an offensive nature. Indias argument[16]is that such a construction will not reduce the amount of water flowing to Pakistan and in fact it would also be beneficial to Pakistan by regulating water flow to Mangla Dam. When the agreement was reached in 1991, the only point of contention that remained was the timing of the filling up of the lake. The Salal Hydroelectric Project This was the first major dispute successfully resolved bilaterally under IWT. The project provides waters to Pakistan in a regulated manner but involves no diversion by India. However, Pakistan successfully objected to the construction of the six anti-siltation sluice gates which resulted in decreased power generation capacity. India also agreed to reduce the heights of the spillway gates from 40 feet to 30 feet. The Ranbir and Pratap Canals The Ranbir Canal, were built by the Dogra rulers of Jammu and Kashmir and were meant to water the areas of Miran Sahib, Vijaypur and Madhopur. Under the treaty, India is allowed to take out a fixed quantity of water for these channels. Many restrictions, such as quantum and dates of withdrawal have been imposed on India by the IWT. The Kishenganga Project[17] The project involves the construction of a 103 metre dam before the crosses the Line of Control (LoC) and a channel and a 27 Km long tunnel through the North Kashmirranges to transport the water to the Wullar lake where a hydroelectric power station will be built as part of an integrated project. Pakistan objects to the Kishenganga project as it suspected that it would have an adverse impact on its envisaged 969-MW Neelum-Jhelumpower plant. This project was initially planned for 1994-1997 but lies inactive because of lack of funds. The Indian Kishenganga project is expected to lead to a shortfall of 21% loss of water flow in Neelum resulting in a 9% reduction in power for the Pakistani project.[18] The Baglihar Project The dispute over the Baglihar is technically complex. Pakistan has raised six objections relating to project configuration : free board, spillway ( ungated or gated), firm power, pondage, level of intake, inspection during plugging of low level intake, and wheather the structure is meant to be a low weir or a dam[19].One set of objections relates to the dams storage capacity, a second to the power intake tunnels, and a third to the spillways. As for the dams storage capacity, Pakistani officials call attention to the treatys allowance of only run of the river dams. Such dams are by definition non-storage dams-in other words, power is generated from normal river flow, the tapping of running not dammed water. In practice, Pakistanis concede, some storage is essential (and is explicitly authorized by the treaty): there is, after all, considerable (especially seasonal) variation in the flow of rivers, a fact that necessitates installation of sufficient storage to enable stable, efficient operation of the hydroelectric plant on a regular, year round basis. Pakistani officials maintain that the Baglihar dams design supplies India with the means, on the one hand, to economically squeeze, starve or strangulate Pakistan, or, on the other hand, to flood Pakistan, conceivably for military purposes. They argue, moreover, that the Baglihar dam has huge precedent-setting importance: for Pakistan to compromise on Baglihar, they say, would set a precedent that India could invoke whenever it liked elsewhere on the Chenab or Jhelum rivers. Dr Raymond Lafitte of the Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne, Switzerland, was appointed by the World Bank and confirmed by India and Pakistan in May 2005 as the neutral arbitrator. Though Lafitte ruled favorably towards India on three of the four main criteria, both nations claimed victory[20].Each emphasized points of the ruling that favored their respective initial positions. Reasons for Success In spite of the various points of conflict in the IWT, the treaty can still be sited as an example of successful mediation by an international organization in dispute resolution. A unique mix of circumstances contributed to the success of the effort[21] :- The World Bank played the honest broker honestly and impartially. As both countries lacked financial resources to undertake projects independently the position of the World Bank became highly influential. The discussion was consciously restricted to engineering principles and facts and filtered out all political discourse from the issue. Despite the treatys success over the past decades, India and Pakistan have experienced numerous disputes over modifications to the flow of rivers. The increasing need to maintain a steady flow of water for survival and the recent rise in disagreement over aspects of the treaty raise the question of whether the treaty is still adequate[22]. Disagreements on construction of new reservoirs, declining ground water potential and the growing number of disputes with India[23] after a relatively uneventful period has complicated the situation for Pakistan and therefore arises the need to re-work the treaty. Indias Water Wealth, pp210. 6032. TheINDUSWATERS TREATY 1960 between THE GOVERNMENT OFINDIA, THE GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTANAND THE INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT. A River Story, Nandita Bhavnani,The Hindu,June 6, 2004 http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004060600580800.htmdate=2004/06/06/prd=mag Department of Irrigation, Govt. of Rajasthan, http://www.rajirrigation.gov.in/4bhakhra.htm Indias Water Wealth, pp211. Ibid, pp211. Water Rationality: Mediating the Indus Waters Treaty,Undala Z. Alam, University ofDurham http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/related_research/Alam1998.pdf Inter-Dominion Agreement, between the GoI and GoP on the Canal Water Dispute between East and WestPunjab. Water Rationality: Mediating the Indus Waters Treaty,Undala Z. Alam, University ofDurham http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/publications/related_research/Alam1998.pdf IndusWater Treaty: Case Study, Transboundary Fresh Water Dispute Database http://www.transboundarywaters.orst.edu/projects/casestudies/ TheIndusWaters Treaty: A History by TheHenryL.StimsonCenter Fostering Riparian Cooperation in International River Basins, Syed Kirmani, Guy Le Moigne World Bank Technical Paper # 335, January 1997 World Bank Historical Chronology 1950-1959 Water Disputes inSouth Asia, Farzana Noshab, Nadia Mushtaq,Strategic Studies, Summer 2001, No.3, Vol. XXI, the Institute of Strategic Studies,Islamabad InternationalRiverWaters inSouth Asia: Source of Conflict or Cooperation? http://irs.org.pk/spotlight.htm#VIII Delhi Round of Indo-Pak Talks-II Tulbul Navigation Project/Wular Barrage, Mallika Joseph http://www.ipcs.org/newKashmirLevel2.jsp?action=showViewkValue=466subCatID=nullmod=null 330-MW Kishenganga Project gets Technical Clearance,Iftikhar Gilani,KashmirTimes http://kasmirtimes.com/archive/0406/040619/news2.htm Ibid Two Neighbours and aTreaty: Bagliar Project in Hot Waters by Rajesh Sinha, Water Conflicts in India ,pp394. Resource Disputes in South Asis: Water Scarcity and the Potential for Interstate Conflicts, Emma Condon, Office of South Asia Analysis , US CIA, pp 6. The Role of Independent Third Party Arbitration in Cross Border Water Disputes by Nishesh Mehat. The China-India-Pakistan Water Crisis : Prospect for Interstate Conflict, James F Brennan. The Indus Water Treaty , Subrahmanyam Sridhar.