Five Senese Aging Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Aging is a process of one getting older...† (Medina 4). As one gets older changes will occur. â€Å"It might start with a line a cross the forehead that deepens in to a wrinkle or skin that suddenly appears dull looking† (Tomas E1). No mater what the situation aging has many different processes. This literary composition will show the different changes that the senses go through when aging takes place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Seeing is one of the senses humans have. Although humans really see with their brains the eyes are the key tools that help the task of seeing. Unlike other parts of the body nearly every part of the visual system is affected by aging. It causes us to lose certain functions as we age like loss of color to how the way we see near and distant objects. â€Å"The cornea, that fluid-filled bad which guards the entrance to the eye, ages as we get older...by the time we get to the age of 60, the bag brings to flatten, which alters our visual field† (Medina 189). Perhaps the most interesting aspect of our vision system’s aging has to do with color perception. As we get older the lens not only thickens but also takes on a yellowish color. This reduces our ability to discriminate between colors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hearing is also one of our senses and as we get older the ability of hearing gets weak. Once we age the pinna, the outer ear, losses some flexibility. As a result it begins to droop, becomes longer and wider and m...

Dealing with Dog Waste

DEALING WITH DOG WASTE Identification and Definition a problem Context: A 2009 research report by Zero2IPO claims that the number of pets in China has grown 500% from 1999 to 2007. There are now estimated 200 million-plus pets in China and this number is expected to grow to 500 million by 2015 China, the world's most populous nation, has about 150 million pet dogs, about one for every nine people. An average Chinese city has about 100,000 dogs and gains about 10,000 per year, while large cities can have twice as many. Beijing had more than 500,000 pet dogs in 2004. Registered dogs in Beijing increased 16% this year, reaching 530,000 dogs. But the actual number of dogs in Beijing is actually much higher. The Social and Environmental Impacts of Uncollected Dog Waste Dog waste in urban areas is a largely ignored issue that is nevertheless the source of serious social and environmental problems. Dog waste presents a problem at two stages of waste management: collection and disposal. Picking up: the Collection of Dog Waste Uncollected dog waste can negatively affect park aesthetics as well as public health and safety. It can also damage turf and other vegetation. In natural parks or along the edge of water bodies, accumulating dog waste can adversely impact sensitive habitat areas. On a broader level, uncollected dog waste is an environmental issue. Nonhuman waste can be a significant source of bacterial contamination in urban watersheds. While livestock is the major source of this problem in rural areas, dogs (along with dense populations of wild birds such as seagulls or Canada geese) are typically the source of contamination in urban areas. Pathogens found in animal waste that is â€Å"zoonotic†Ã¢â‚¬â€œcapable of being transmitted to humans from animals–are the major cause of concern. If ingested, some of these pathogens (including Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Salmonella among others) may result in serious illness or even death. Roundworm and hookworm infections are the zoonotic diseases most commonly associated with dog waste, although only waste from infected dogs carry these parasites. A comparison of three resident surveys about cleaning up after dogs. StudySurvey Results Beijing(1999)†¢ 62% always cleaned up after the dog, 23% sometimes, 15% never †¢ Disposal method: trash can (66%), toilet (12%), other 22% Shanghai(2004)†¢ 51% of dog owners do not walk dogs †¢ 69% claimed that they cleaned up after the dog †¢ 31% do not pick up †¢ Disposal methods: trash can 54%, toilet 20%, compost pile 4% †¢ 4% train pet to poop in own yard †¢ 85% agreed that pet wastes contribute to water quality problems Wuhan(2009)†¢ 44% of dog owners do not walk dogs †¢ Dog walkers who clean up most/all of the time 59% †¢ Dog walkers who never or rarely cleanup 41% Of those who never or rarely clean up, 44% would not cleanup even with fine, complaints, or improved sanitary collection or disposal methods †¢ 63% agreed that pet wastes contribute to water quality problems Table 1 Among those residents surveyed, the most common reasons for dog owner’s behavior in terms of dealing with their dog’s waste are p rovided below: Reasons for not picking it upReasons for picking up †¢ because it eventually goes away †¢ embarrassed †¢ too much work †¢ not prepared †¢ no reason †¢ small dog, small waste †¢ use as fertilizer †¢ sanitary reasons †¢ Cleaner will clean No awareness†¢ it's the law †¢ environmental reasons †¢ hygiene/health reasons †¢ Personal courtesy †¢ it should be done †¢ keep the park clean Table 2 Symptoms: Why many pedestrian do not want to go to park especially elders and children? Dogs leave excretion at random in the grass or in the path. The unbearable smelly odor drives people away. They are afraid of being bite by the dog. Many people get sick after a close contact with dog. No one wants to use the amenity or recreation facilities in the park due to the dirty leaved by dogs. Why the crap always can be seen in the park? Many people walk their dog in the public area, and they don’t collect the pet’s manure. Why doesn’t the owner collect the excretion? Refer to the table2. Problem: People lack awareness and tools to collect the drops. Traditional Dog Waste Disposal Get a good pooper scooper. I hate to point out the obvious, but really, just pick it up. Problem solved. Swing by your local hardware store or any pet store and pick up a poop scooper that works for you. There are several varieties with varying lengths and scoop apparatus. If you can find someone to help you, all the better. Get the lucky individual to follow you around with a bucket while you scoop and deposit dog poo into the bucket. It’s advisable to try to avoid hitting your helper’s fingers. Dig a hole for depositing poop in. This is another simple and effective idea. If in your yard you have an area far away from most activity or just a good place to designate as a poop graveyard, grab a shovel and get to work. Only you know how much dog poop you have to dispose of, so use your judgment when deciding how big of a hole to dig. Just make sure to dig the hole at least a foot deep. If you have the energy, go for two feet. You will also need to be certain of where wires and cables have been buried. That would not be a very dignified death. Invest in some dog poop bags. Whether you walk your dog for exercise or just plain don’t have a good place for your dog to drop a dooker, keep a few poop bags in your pocket for quick dog poop cleanup. I know it’s not the most appetizing prospect, but it’s really not that bad. Using poop bags is easy and fairly sanitary. Put your hand in the dog poop bag, grab the dog poop with the bag, turn the bag inside out with your other hand, and tie it up. Hire a pet waste removal service. If dog waste removal ain’t your style or you simply can’t find enough hours in the day to take care of the dog’s business, there are people out there who’ll be happy to take your dog poop as long as it’s accompanied by a little cash. They’re pretty easy to find, too. Grab a phonebook or hit the interwebs. Most folks who subscribe to this service set it up so someone comes out weekly or biweekly. If for some reason this service isn’t available in your area, just hire a neighbor kid. Dog training 101. Strategic poop locations are key. If you have the time and the inclination, start training your dog to choose the same region of the yard for pooping every time. While training books are readily available and supply much more detail, the Cliff’s Notes version is simply persistence and positive reinforcement. Once the training is complete, you will never regret it. Having the poop in a concentrated area will significantly cut down the time it takes for poop patrol. Contaminations: Fecal coliforms. Fecal coliforms, such as E. coli, are abundantly present in dog poop. These microorganisms can make the water that we rely on for fishing, swimming, and drinking unsafe. Effects of E. coli can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, and headaches. Roundworms. Roundworm eggs can be found in dog feces and can be easily transferred to other hosts through ingestion. This is especially dangerous if you have a dog that eats poop. Unfortunately, this is a pretty common behavior. Humans are at risk, too; children in particular. Not because kids generally make a habit of eating poo, but they do frequently put their hands in their mouths regardless of what they’ve been doing. Giardia. Another parasite sometimes found in dog feces that can be transferred to animals and humans through ingestion is giardia. Giardia is generally the culprit for Montezuma’s revenge and causes diarrhea, cramping, and abdominal pain. Most commonly it is contracted through the drinking of water that has been tainted by feces. Salmonella. Salmonella can also be found in and spread by dog feces. It can be transferred from dog to dog or even from dog to human. Avoid feeding your dog any uncooked meats or eggs. Statistics: The law enacted in other cities and the effectiveness of the law. The Law New York City’s Dog Poop Scoop Law How much do you know about New York City’s dog poop scoop law? According to Section 161. 03 of the New York City Health Code, your there are a lot of places where your dog can’t poop: a) A person who owns, possesses or controls a dog, cat or other animal shall not permit the animal to commit a nuisance on a sidewalk of any public place, on a floor, wall, stairway or roof of any public or private premises used in common by the public, or on a fence, wall or stairway of a building abutting on a public place. Who can issue you a ticket if your dog poops and you don’t scoop? Authorized employees of New York City’s Departments of Health, Sanitation, or Parks and Recreation. England, Scotland and Wales The Litter (Animal Droppings) Order 1991 of the Environmental Protection Act (1990) places a duty on local authorities to keep the following areas clear of dog faeces; †¢Any public walk or pleasure ground †¢Any land laid out as a garden or used for the purpose of recreation †¢Any part of the seashore which is frequently used by large numbers of people, and managed by the person having direct control of it as a tourist resort or recreational facility †¢Any esplanade or promenade Any land not forming part of the highway or, in Scotland, a public road, which is open to the air, which the public are permitted to use on foot only, and which provides access to retail premises †¢A trunk road picnic area †¢A picnic site. Northern Ireland The Litter (Northern Ireland) Order 1993 section 6 gives local authorities the duty to keep i ts relevant land or any relevant road for which it is responsible, clear of litter and refuse (including dog faeces). Prosecution of Dog owners who fail to clear up In England and Wales The Dogs (Fouling of Land) Act 1996, allows authorities to designate any land in their area as poop scoop areas without any requirement to provide signs or dog waste bins The land must be publicly accessible and open to the air, however the following areas are not included: †¢Carriageways with a speed limit of more than 40 mph †¢Land used for agriculture or woodlands †¢Land which is predominantly marshland, moor or heath †¢Rural common land The penalty for not clearing up dog fouling can be up to ? 1,000 if taken to court, but there is also provision for a fixed penalty scheme with a fine of ? 0 in England. In England the main legislation relating to dog fouling is dealt with under the Environmental Protection Act 1990 (Part IV). Exceptions to the offence are: †¢The person in charge of the dog has a reasonable excuse for not clearing up (being unaware of the fouling or not having the means to clean up is not an excuse) †¢The owner or occupier of the land has consented to the faeces being left †¢The person puts the faeces in a bin on the land †¢The person in charge of the dog has a registered visual impairment In Northern Ireland Under the Litter (Northern Ireland) Order 1994, it is an offence for the owner of a dog to not to clear up after their dog if it has left faeces on publicly accessible land. The penalty is up to ? 500. The fixed penalty rate is ? 10. In Scotland The Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 section 48 makes it an offence to allow a dog to foul a footpath, local authority grass verge, a local authority pedestrian precinct and any local authority maintained recreation or sports ground. The fine is up to ? 500. What can I do about a dog fouling offence? To report an offence contact your local authority to find out what the dog control procedures are in your area, and make note of the following details: †¢Name and address of the person in charge of the dog †¢A description of the dog †¢Details of the date, time and location of the offence. If the fouling takes place at regular times it may be possible for dog wardens to witness the fouling. In most cases the wardens will warn the offender before taking legal action, which is usually enough to deter further offences. Dog Warden Scheme This is one of the most effective ways of tackling the dog fouling problem. The dog warden has 3 important roles in the community: †¢Enforcement – enforcing the legislation relating to dog fouling, dogs in general and local bye-laws †¢Educational – to promote responsible attitudes to dog ownership, to develop an understanding of the role of the dog warden and how the public can be supportive †¢Practical – handling and securing stray dogs, dealing with problems relating to noisy and nuisance dogs. Effectiveness of the law binding: Low effectiveness not because of being lazy but because it just a bizarre practice to pick up the dog shit. So only 10% of the citizens would pick up the dog poop in daily life, besides recruiting and keeping dog warden is a very huge investment, the way to collect evidences is also a difficult aspect due to the large area to supervise and lots of cameras need to install to spot the crime. There is one opinion cited below will back up the statement that so few people will obey the law Embarrassment No matter what the size or breed of dog, there has always been one inevitable constant—poop. Oh yeah, lots of it, folks. Brown poop, green poop, runny poop, and even some very pretty poop thanks to those dogs who liked to chew things up and swallow the little bits. Because our family was never real big on walking the dogs, our front yard had a tendency to become a minefield of smelly brown bombs. And guess whose job it was to go around and clean it all up? I can’t take all the credit as I had brothers who were thrown into the party, as well, but I think you get the picture. Of all the chores that we had, going on â€Å"poop patrol† was the one our dad derived the most pleasure out of making us do. The guy just loved to stand above us on the deck, laugh maniacally, and point out all the little piles that we had missed. Our poop scoop technology wasn’t very advanced. One of us (the lucky one) would carry a spade shovel around the yard while the other (not so lucky) followed with a five-gallon pail lined with a garbage bag. What we all carried was a big steaming pile of embarrassment about the chore at hand. A close eye was kept on the street for friends who might by passing by. If one was spotted, we immediately dropped what we were doing so we could pretend to be doing anything other than picking up dog crap. These are the memories that haunt me. Although the law has little effective but the law is inevitable in arising human’s awareness. Once the behavior become a social norm It has reached a point where it's socially unacceptable to leave your dog's poop on the sidewalk or in someone else's beautiful front garden for some innocent wanderer to accidentally step in and track all over their car or house. It keeps areas with frequent city traffic looking tidy and clean. It's just something that is done. Description of our product: Magic rod ? Magic rod ? Magic rod I is the portable one. Description: The length of the rod is about half meter when the stick is pulled out to the most. There is a button at the upper end of the rod, the scoop will open when press the button and then the waste will be picked up and sealed in the disposable bag. After that the owner need to takes out the bag and throw it to the trash bin. Magic rod ? is the multi-functional one Description: This is for rent; the multi-functions not only comprise the main function of picking poop but also can be used as a walking stick, chair for the aging group which prefer to walk dog, exercise in the morning. The big round plate which has two hole inside is a handle but it can transform to a chair when press down. And the stick is collapsible, push in the stick to a certain height in order to adapt to your comfort. After picking up the excrement you can lean the magic rod to a certain angle and drag it to anywhere, there is a wheel in each of the leg which enables the host to drag like dragging a travel suitcase. Our marketing Methods: http://www. getridofthings. com/get-rid-of-dog-poop. htm

Plagiarism And Intellectual Property Of The Academia And...

Plagiarism and Intellectual Property in the Academia and Software Industry The many consequences Daniel Choe Student from University of Utah United States stradius101@gmail.com Abstract — This paper discusses plagiarism and its many dire consequences in the realm of the computer science academia as well as the software industry. I. INTRODUCTION Plagiarism is an issue that cannot be taken likely both in the academia and the software industry. The consequences of plagiarism are widespread and the issues that follow can be personal, professional, ethical, financial and legal. Plagiarism is not only destructive to the individual who committed the infraction, but can also be damaging to one’s teammates, company, educational institution, as well as possibly thousands or millions who rely on the software. As a result, it is important to iterate the severe consequences as well as the negative impacts that can and will occur from plagiarism to increase prevention of such cases as well as to properly understand what is considered to be an infraction and to take care of avoiding infractions. II. ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT IN THE ACADEMIA A. Background The number of students enrolled in computer science courses have never been higher. This trend is most likely attributed to the field’s job prospects as well as the realization of the importance in understanding computer science in this modern tech era. Unfortunately, the number of students caught cheating in computer science courses isShow MoreRelatedPlagiarism Is The Wrongful Appropriation And Stealing And Publication2809 Words   |  12 PagesPlagiarism is the wrongful appropriation and stealing and publication of another author s language, thoughts, ideas, or expressions and the representation of them as one s own original work.[1][2] The idea remains problematic with unclear definitions and unclear rules.[3][4][5] The modern concept of plagiarism as immoral and originality as an ideal emerged in Europe only in the 18th century, particularly with the Romantic movement. Plagiarism is considered academic dishonesty and a breachRead MoreThe Technological Evolution Of The Media Industry2005 Words   |  9 Pagesin changing the facade of the world. In particular, recent developments and innovations in the field of science and technology have transformed the entire paradigm of media industry. It has been established that in the contemporary or technology driven media environment, the traditional concept of ownership, intellectual property, as well as copyright has become a controversial point (Sutherland-Smith, 2015). It is due to the fact that the technological advancements have created such practices thatRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography: Plagiarism39529 Words   |  158 Pagesï » ¿Plagiarism Bibliography Buckwalter, J. A., Wright, T., Mogoanta, L. and Alman, B. (2012), Plagiarism: An assault on the integrity of scientific research. J. Orthop. Res., 30:  1867 1868. Granitz, N. and Loewy, D. (2007). Applying Ethical Theories: Interpreting and Responding to Student Plagiarism. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(3), 293-306. Luke, B. and Kearins, K. (2012), Attribution of words versus attribution of responsibilities: Academic plagiarism and university practice. Vaccine, 30(50):Read More Intellectual Property on the Internet Essay3916 Words   |  16 PagesIntellectual Property on the Internet On one of my first web sites I had an original graphic design, done by one of my friends. The design was interesting and eye-catching, two necessary elements for my site. I kept the design on the site for over six months, before taking it down and rebuilding. Almost a year after the graphic went up on my site, the person who designed it saw it on another site. After he showed me, he expressed his disappointment. He had put his time and hard work into thisRead MoreDebonairs Pizza Product-Market Expansion Growth Strategies27204 Words   |  109 PagesCancellation of registration/fee liability 6.4.9 Registration of specific/incomplete modules 6.4.10 Payments 6.4.11 Account Details 6.4.12 Foreign Payments 6.5 Assessments 6.5.1 Method of assessment 6.5.2 Mitigating circumstances 6.5.3 Appeals 6.5.4 Plagiarism 6.5.5 Re-registration for a programme/module 6.5.6 Progression 6.5.7 Award of qualification 6.5.8 Marking Criteria 6.6 Student Support 6.6.1 The MANCOSA Student Support Centre 6.6.2 Regional Academic Consultants 6.6.3 Regional Representatives 4Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages Hanken Business School, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration, Finland This book makes it easier to understand the current stand of organization theory. I strongly recommend it to anyone seriously interested in the different intellectual traditions that contribute to our understanding of organizations. Professor Tomas Mà ¼llern, Jà ¶nkà ¶ping International Business School, Sweden . McAuley, Duberley and Johnson’s Organizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments

Importance of Human Interaction in William Faulkners A...

Importance of Human Interaction in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Are human beings responsible for the well being of others that they come into contact with? William Faulkners story A Rose for Emily considers the significance that human interaction has or does not have on peoples lives. Faulkner creatively uses a shocking ending to cause readers to reevaluate their own interactions with others in their lives. Throughout the story, Faulkner uses characters that may relate to the readers more than they want to admit. Homer Barron, the construction worker from the North, and the residents of Jefferson are used to expose the opportunities, although different, they are afforded to affect the life of Emily Grierson, who is the†¦show more content†¦They are interested but fearful to get involved in someones life that is troubled or different than theirs. The townspeoples curiosity is shown through their inquiries about the smell at Emilys house, the watching of the comings and goings of Tobe, who is Emilys Negro servant, and their observing the b uggy rides that Emily is having with Homer. Despite the curiosity of the residents, not one of them reaches out a compassionate hand to Emily. While the townspeople choose to stay on the outer circle of human contact, Homer, on the other hand, pursues his curiosity and engages in a personal friendship with Emily. Faulkner tells the reader how Homer takes Emily for buggy rides and, according to the townspeople, has been seen going into Emilys house. Homer has really stirred up the gossips of the town as they discuss whether or not it is proper for Emily to so closely relate to a Northerner, who is considered below her social class. While Homer develops a relationship with Emily, he does not realize what emotional state Emily is in and does not offer the help this poor distraught lady so desperately needs. Homer, knowingly or not, misses an opportunity to change Emilys life forever. Faulkner may be suggesting that just being involved in someones life casually falls short of how human beings should be involved in others lives. The second part of human nature that Faulkner explores isShow MoreRelatedFalling Of The Higher Class1320 Words   |  6 Pages2013 Falling of the Higher Class In William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† the protagonist, Emily, is a quiet upper-class woman who is disliked by many in her community, mainly due to her awkward behavior and highly respected social status. While the community progresses during the industrial revolution Emily remains a distant relic of the past that refuses to move on. The story exhibits traits of a capitalist community that is based on classism. Emily is a part of the town’s upper classRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesstory â€Å"To Build a Fire† or Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea†) or between man and society (as in Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man†). It may also take the form of an opposition between man and man (between the protagonist and a human adversary, the antagonist), as, for example, in most detective fiction. Internal conflict, on the other hand, is co nfined to the protagonist. In this case, the opposition is between two or more elements within the protagonist’s own character, as in

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt And The National Labor...

In 1776, this great nation, the United States of America was created by Congress through its hopes of an independent nation. In the last two hundred plus years, we have accumulated forty-four presidents. Our longest serving president was Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He a served a consecutive three terms and was re-elected for a fourth term but sadly he died two months in(AE). FDR was a dominant leader in the democratic party and had lead the country through economic depression and all-out war. In the twelves years he had served he had created many important legislations, such as the Securities Exchange Act and the National Labor Relations Act(AE). FDR was inaugurated for his first term on March 4, 1933. At this time, the U.S was at its†¦show more content†¦The most popular of the New Deal agencies was the Civilian Conservation Corp(Home), this hired 250,000 unemployed men to work on local rural projects(AE). Congress also produced mortgage relief for millions of farmer and homeowners around the same time. FDR made agricultural relief a top priority and created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration(AE), forcing higher prices for items by paying these farmer to take land out of crops and to cut herds. In 1933 the National Industrial Recovery Act was created in order to reform the economy. It forced industries to establish rules of operations for all firms within specific industries(Gilder), minimum prices, agreements not to compete, and production restrictions. These industries also needed to raise wages. Provisions inspired unions and suspended anti-trust laws. The same year major new banking regulations were passed and in 1934(AE), the Securities and Exchange Commission was instituted to control Wall Street(Home). Roosevelt pursued recovery through federal spending, the NIRA spent $3.3 billion on the Public Works Administration to stimulate the economy(AE). He also worked with Republican senator George Norris to create the biggest government-owned industrial enterprise in American history, the Tennessee Valley Authority(Gilder). The TVA built dams and power stations, kept floods under control, and modernized agriculture and homes in the poverty engulfed Tennessee

The Importance of Labor Unions in the United States Free Essays

A Labor Union is an â€Å"association of workers that seeks to improve the economic and social well-being of its members through group action.† A labor union represents its members in negotiations with an employer regarding all the terms and conditions of an employment contract. These negotiations are called collective bargaining, which is concerned with wages, working hours, fringe benefits, job security, safety and other related to an employee’s working condition. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Labor Unions in the United States or any similar topic only for you Order Now This process is now a crucial part of the labor union movement and an accepted practice in many industrial nations. In the United States, workers can become members of a union by voting to certify a union as their collective bargaining agent. Unionized jobs in the United States pay substantially higher wages than nonunion jobs, even after taking into account skill differences among workers employed in different establishments.   Overall, the gap in wages between unionized workers and nonunionized workers in about 15 percent in the United States, with unionized members receiving higher wages. Unions tend to increase the wages of less-skilled workers by a larger percentage than they raise the wages of more-skilled workers because they have had greater success at organizing less-skilled workers. In addition to wages and fringe benefits, unions also bargain for better working conditions. Without the existence of these unions, workers may not have an established mechanism for informing employers of grievances about working conditions, wages, or other aspects of the employment relationship. In many countries, labor unions are officially affiliated with political parties. The main goal of the labor movements in the United States is to improve wages and working conditions for their membership and representing their members if the employer attempts or actually violates contract provisions. Because of this labor unions, many workers can fearlessly voice out their concerns and demand for their rights as employees of an organization. Laws have been passed and the rights of workers for better working conditions, just wages, and the like have been properly monitored and abided by. However, there are drawbacks as well to having these labor unions in the United States. Unions raise member wages but to not have sizable impact on productivity. Hirsch generalized that unions are associated with a reduction in profits, a decrease in investment in research and development and physical capital, and a lower employment rate. Vedder and Gallaway also made it clear that union power and membership has significantly decreased over the last half century, which has been a result of increased anti-union policy and a growing economy for the United States. The effect unionization had on productivity levels was found to be small. Because productivity changes are small, they do not offset the higher costs incurred by firms who give a wage premium to union members.   It only makes sense that if profits and investment are going down as a result of unionization, the employment growth will slow down as well. Industries with high union densities, such as mining, construction, durable goods manufacturing, and transportation and public utilities, showed negative growth rates, indicating that there has been an employment shift from unionized sectors to nonunionized sectors (Vedder and Gallaway, 111). Today’s U.S. economy is highly competitive due to the deregulation of many large industries and a large increase in the private sector. Entry and exit into these industries has become easier, thus causing unionized firms to compete both nationally and internationally. Positive effects can be directed to the benefits of these labor unions on workers or employees, such as better working conditions, just wages, assured implementation of the terms of the employment contract and more. They may not have been able to unify their voices with regards to fighting for equitable rights as workers if not largely for these labor unions, who as a whole, commonly generate attention from employers. This is not only to eliminate tension and bad publicity for the organization, but also to level out the needs of the company’s workforce. These largely contribute or are primarily directed to the wellness of the affected workers. However, on the larger whole, numerous studies have indicated the negative effects labor unions have on the economy. The study by Vedder and Gallway suggested that federal policy has a long-term effect on labor unions, but that for the most part the decline in labor unions is due to changes in the structure of the economy. IN fact, the Bush administration has implemented policy in the federal workforce to encourage workers not to join labor unions. References Hirsch, B.R. â€Å"Unionization and Economic Performance: Evidence on Productivity, Profits, Investment and Growth†. Public Policy Sources, No. 3, Florida State University.. Retrieved 30 October 2007. Perry, M.J. The Economics of Labor Unions. Retrieved. Pindyck, R.S., David Rubenfield. (2001). Microeconomics, 5th Ed. US: Prentice Hall.    How to cite The Importance of Labor Unions in the United States, Essay examples

Indigenous Education Perspective

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Education Perspective. Answer: Introduction Indigenous Land Rights and Eductaion The cultures of indigenous Australia are one of the oldest historical cultures in the world. One of the main reasons due to which the cultures of indigenous Australia has survived for so long is that they have had the ability to adapting to the changing environment (Merlan, 2014). The cultural heritage of indigenous Australia are kept into practice by the local communities through transferring the knowledge they have of their ritual, customs, literature and art for one generation to another. The methods of protecting their culture, the ways of spreading education, and the practices of maintain sacred sites are all transferred by the communities to the coming generations (Altman, 2012). This essay discusses the impact of certain historical events on the present indigenous Australian society. Historical events, which have affected the lifestyle of the indigenous Australians, are discussed in details in this essay. The practice of land rights by the indigenous Australia communities and its effect at the time of practice as well as in the present day on the indigenous Australia society is discussed in this essay. Educators who have had knowledge about these historical and their relevance are discussed in this essay. The concept of land rights and its effects on primary education inn indigenous cultures are also discussed in this essay (Australia, 2015). The indigenous Australian community done not refer to land as only soil and rocks, for them land is the overall environment which is maintained by the community through its culture and customs. The indigenous Australians were hunters who had their own territories for the purpose of hunting and making a livelihood. The concept of land rights amongst the indigenous people of Australia refers to their individual or collective rights with respects to the land. According to the practices and culture of the indigenous people land provides for the essentials of human survivals and it is the responsibility of the of the humans to look after its sustenance (Langton, Palmer Rhea, 2014). The people of the indigenous society distribute the responsibility towards the maintenance of land within specific group and such a practice is the essence of the social relationship between them (Day Francisco, 2013). The recognition of the right of indigenous people towards their land plays a major role in providing them opportunities to bargain about the development of their land and its protection. For the indigenous people land is not only their mother but also their identity and spirituality, it is the main essence of their society (Langton, 2013). In the year 1966, then government of Australia took an initiative to start a mining project on the lands of the indigenous community, without any consultancy with the aboriginal people. this initiative taken by the government led to initiation of rival movement from the indigenous community. The movement was to prevent the relocation of the people the government had planned in order to mine bauxite from the area. The movement lasted for years and ultimately the Land Rights Act was passed in the year 1976. In the year 1983, the movement for land rights started by the indigenous people was finally reaching its goal. The indigenous people were given by the government inalienable free holding title of their lands. The government also promised to give total legal protection to the sacred sites of the indigenous Australians. The aboriginal people were also given control over mining on their land and were also provided with royalty on mining operations. The ministry of aboriginal affairs had also compensated the indigenous people for the land they had lost due to mining activities (Hanna Vanclay, 2013). The mining industry made a planned fight back against the rights of the aboriginal Australians in the year 1984. The mining industries were supported by WA labor minister Brian Burke who had started a major revolt against the land rights of the aboriginal people. Threatened by the loss of seats in the western Australia the prime minister also supported Burke and passed a resolution against land rights of the aboriginal people. Although the Australian public was in favor of land rights, it was published in The Australian newspaper that only a few people were in favor of land rights (Morris, 2014). The February of 1885 made the land rights of the aboriginal people insignificant. A changed Preferred National Land Rights Model was passed by the government which abolished as many as 4 provisions out of 5 of the original provisions given in 1983. The new model presented by the government did not have any provision for the consent of aboriginal people on mining activities with respect to their land. The new model also obstructed the aboriginal people to make claims for their land over pastoral leases, stock reserves, stock routs and limited their eligibility for excisions. The new provisions abolished the rights of the aboriginal people to veto on mining activities and in addition, they were made illegible for the mining royalty as well as compensations against the loss of their lands. This proposal by the government for the new model of land rights were opposed by both the western Australialabor party and the government of New South Wales. The opposition of this model came from both the parties but the reason for such opposition was different for them both. Whereas the New South Wales labor government opposed the bill as it made the aboriginal people powerless and diluted the provisions of the land rights model of 1983, the labor government of western Australia opposed by stating that this new model will give the aboriginal people more rights than they deserve (Brueckner et al., 2013). In the year 1993, the Australian government passed the Native Title Act 1993. This act was passed because of a land mark high court case of Mabo v. Queensland. The act was passed for the purpose of the recognition of the native title of the indigenous Australians. The act creates a system for the recognition and protection of indigenous people land rights. The basic principles of the acts are based on customs of the indigenous people and their right to common law. After the passing of this act there has been 27% titles of the native land had been determined as on 31stDecember 2014 (Cook, 2013). During the 1960s educators had a very respectable position in the society as they had the role to build the future of young children in the country. Courses related to teaching in the 1960s prepared new graduates to take teaching as a profession. In the last decade, the Australian government has taken the initiative to bring together states and territories to address educational polices for the indigenous society. The educators who have knowledge of the indigenous societies were embedded into the education systems to help the aboriginal students to achieve their educational goals. The educators of the indigenous communities of Australia for many decades have been demanding efficient resources in the classroom that will help the teachers to impart proper education in the indigenous children. For the proper development of social and economical security of Australia, it is very essential that quality teaching be provided to the children. The personal experience of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander is very essential to understand the basis of imparting education among children. It has been backed by facts that the most essential factor to make students achieve their goals is quality teaching. The educators of the indigenous community give the teachers resources to help them get accustomed to their history since colonization, and also to understand that this history has an important role to play in the performance of Aboriginal and Torres Island students (Tuck, McKENZIE McCOY, 2014). The low number of indigenous educators in Australia is hammering the education of the aboriginal students. The wide culture and native knowledge, these educators bring into the schools and the society provides great help for the indigenous students. Educators having knowledge of the native customs not only understand the indigenous students better but also the students tend to feel more comfortable around them. In the modern day the there are many issues which are acting as an obstacle between the indigenous students and education. There are only 0.7% aboriginal teachers in Australia. These teachers bring along with them a broad range of cultures into the surrounding society and the schools. The indigenous students are also suffering due to poverty and lack of educational infrastructure. Most of the indigenous parents cannot afford to send their children to schools. The government spends only 47 cents on the indigenous student education as compared to ever dollar spent on the students of modern Australia. Moreover, the indigenous students have a very strong bond with their indigenous community and they do not like to leave their native place for skilled education training (Day et al. 2015). The indigenous people had a very different style of primary education from what we have in the modern day. The children in the young age were not given books to read as a part of their education rather they were educated very practically by the indigenous people who also played the role of educators. The experience individuals of the indigenous society having knowledge about their land and environment took the responsibility to educated the children in their society (Price, 2015). These individuals had immense knowledge about their surroundings which they passed on to the next generation so that they learn how to preserve the values of the indigenous society. The children in the indigenous society did not choose their futures based on books they rather learnt through observation of what the adults use to do. Every group in the indigenous society had a different responsibility towards their land and water. The educators used to distinguish the children in the groups by observing them right from the primary stages. Thus, the child who had a good eye was to be a hunter, the one who was interested in stars was to be an astrologer; the child who took interest in herbs was to be a doctor (Bowes Grace, 2014). The land rights movement brought the indigenous Australian community even closer to their land, values and cultures. The strong bond between the indigenous community and their land is the foundation of the primary education received by the children. The indigenous Australian community imparts in their children the importance of land and nature. They are made aware of the ways to protect and conserve the environment and benefit from its sustainable use (Behrendt et al., 2012). Mathematics is thought to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students by way of storytelling and by mathematics as a dance. If a reasonable relationship is created between students and mathematics, it can be observed as a cultural expression or a social construct. With this vision of mathematics, different cultural expression of mathematics come up in a similar fashion to music or art and allow students to express themselves through mathematics (Owens, 2015). The subject was thought to the indigenous students on the basis of what they see and observe in their surroundings. Mathematics was thought to the indigenous student by way of storytelling about their connection with the land, various fun events like dancing and playing and signifying the importance of land and its protection in such events. The land right movement was started by the indigenous community to get the hold they had on their land back. The government had assured them of powers and rights towards their land. They were given powers to control the mining activity, which occurred in Western Australia. They were also made entitled to royalty on mining. However, these powers were short lived and were soon taken away from them through the new model of land rights. The education system of the indigenous people was different to regular societies. They imparted primary education in their children practically and not theoretically. The teachers need to be made accustomed to the history of the indigenous people to and understand its impact on the performance of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island students. Teachers who are well accustomed with the history of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders will be very effective in imparting education among its children, which will eventually lead to their lifelong succes s. More the teachers understands the cultures of the indigenous community, the better will be the development of the students. The education in the field of English literacy and mathematics are the most important sectors in which development of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people is needed. There has been a gradual development in education of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students but still, the indigenous students are failing, particularly in schools. References: Altman, J. (2012). Indigenous rights, mining corporations, and the Australian state. InThe Politics of Resource Extraction(pp. 46-74). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Australia, I. C. O. M. O. S. (2015). Australia.Heritage at Risk, 35-39. Behrendt, L. Y., Larkin, S., Griew, R., Kelly, P. (2012). Review of higher education access and outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: Final report. Bowes, J., Grace, R. (2014). Review of early childhood parenting, education and health intervention programs for Indigenous children and families in Australia. Brueckner, M., Durey, A., Mayes, R., Pforr, C. (2013). The mining boom and Western Australias changing landscape: Towards sustainability or business as usual?.Rural Society,22(2), 111-124. Cook, J. (2013). The influence of human rights on land rights and spatial information. Day, A., Francisco, A. (2013). Social and emotional wellbeing in Indigenous Australians: identifying promising interventions.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,37(4), 350-355. Day, A., Nakata, V., Nakata, M., Martin, G. (2015). Indigenous students' persistence in higher education in Australia: contextualising models of change from psychology to understand and aid students' practices at a cultural interface.Higher Education Research Development,34(3), 501-512. Eades, D. (2013). Aboriginal english.Aboriginal ways of using English, 76. Hanna, P., Vanclay, F. (2013). Human rights, indigenous peoples and the concept of free, prior and informed consent.Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal,31(2), 146-157. Langton, M. (2013).Boyer Lectures 2012: The quiet revolution: Indigenous people and the resources boom. HarperCollins Australia. Langton, M., Palmer, L., Rhea, Z. M. (2014). Community-oriented protected areas for indigenous peoples and local communities.Indigenous Peoples, National Parks, and Protected Areas: A New Paradigm Linking Conservation, Culture, and Rights, 84. Merlan, F. (2014). Recent rituals of indigenous recognition in Australia: Welcome to country.American Anthropologist,116(2), 296-309. Morris, B. (2014).Protests, Land Rights, and Riots: Postcolonial Struggles in Australia in the 1980s. Berghahn Books. O'Faircheallaigh, C. (2012). International recognition of indigenous rights, indigenous control of development and domestic political mobilisation.Australian Journal of Political Science,47(4), 531-545. Owens, K. (2015). Changing the teaching of mathematics for improved Indigenous education in a rural Australian city.Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education,18(1), 53-78. Price, K. (2015).Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander education: An introduction for the teaching profession. Cambridge University Press. Price, Kaye. Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Education. 2nd ed. Cambridge university press, 2016. Print. Productivity Commission. (2012). Vocational education and training workforce.SSRN Working Paper Series. Scholtz, C. (2013).Negotiating claims: the emergence of indigenous land claim negotiation policies in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. Routledge. Short, D. (2016).Reconciliation and colonial power: Indigenous rights in Australia. Routledge. Tuck, E., McKENZIE, M., McCOY, K. (2014). Land education: Indigenous, post-colonial, and decolonizing perspectives on place and environmental education research.Environmental Education Research,20(1), 1-23.